Mathematics
Friday, December 15, 2006
Mathematics (colloquially, maths, or math in American English) is the body of facts focus on theories such as quantity, arrangement, space, and change, and the academic regulation, which studies them. Benjamin Peirce called it "the science that sketches essential conclusions". It evolved, with abstraction and logical analysis, from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of corporeal substance. Mathematicians determine such theories, aspiring to make new guess and set up their truth by exact conclusion from aptly selected axioms and definitions.
Knowledge and employ of fundamental mathematics have constantly been an inherent and integral part of entity and cluster life. Alterations of the essential thoughts are noticeable in mathematical manuscripts originating in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, and Ancient China, with increased rig our later set up by the ancient Greeks. Starting this point on, the development sustained in fitful bursts in anticipation of the Renaissance time of the 16th century, when mathematical innovations interrelated with new technical discoveries, leading to a stepping up in understanding that continues to the present day.
Nowadays, mathematics is used all over the world in numerous fields, together with science, engineering, medicine and economics. The application of mathematics to such fields, frequently dubbed applied mathematics, motivates and creates use of new mathematical discoveries and from time to time show the ways to the growth of entirely new disciplines. Mathematicians as well engage in pure mathematics or math for its own sake, lack of having any practical application in mind, although applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered shortly.
Knowledge and employ of fundamental mathematics have constantly been an inherent and integral part of entity and cluster life. Alterations of the essential thoughts are noticeable in mathematical manuscripts originating in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient India, and Ancient China, with increased rig our later set up by the ancient Greeks. Starting this point on, the development sustained in fitful bursts in anticipation of the Renaissance time of the 16th century, when mathematical innovations interrelated with new technical discoveries, leading to a stepping up in understanding that continues to the present day.
Nowadays, mathematics is used all over the world in numerous fields, together with science, engineering, medicine and economics. The application of mathematics to such fields, frequently dubbed applied mathematics, motivates and creates use of new mathematical discoveries and from time to time show the ways to the growth of entirely new disciplines. Mathematicians as well engage in pure mathematics or math for its own sake, lack of having any practical application in mind, although applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered shortly.
What Happens When You Travel Australia in the Summer
Thursday, December 7, 2006
First things first: summer in Australia is the direct opposite of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Yes, you heard right. In Australia, summer actually happens from December to February. Which means Aussies celebrate their Christmas at the height of summer. Which means they get to do more things they otherwise couldn't do if they were in the wintry, arctic regions on the Northern Hemisphere. Blessed be the Australian summer.
But watch out: the Australian summer can be very hot and unforgiving, but this is just fine as long as you keep a handy bottle of sunscreen with you and arm yourself with a good pair of UV-proof sunglasses. For Aussie families, summer generally is the time to hit the beach and frolic in the waters. Summer also marks the mid-year break for students; instead of springbreak, they enjoy summer holidays or Christmas holidays. And for backpackers who roam and travel Australia, the Aussie summer can be a liberating experience. Even businesspeople who like to keep busy with work even during the holidays prefer to leave their freezing homelands and travel Australia to seek its cosy warmth.
Before you get any misplaced ideas about Australia as being just pure hard summer, you have to realise that Australia is such a large country that each region experiences different weather patterns. Up north where the tropical rainforests reign, it's mainly high temperatures and high humidity and distinct wet and dry seasons. In the centre of the country, where the Outback sprawls, it's dry, desert regions with high daytime temperatures and occasional bursts of rain. In the south are the temperate regions with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from hot to cold.
To travel Australia in all its entirety is to witness nature's awesome and breathtaking display of colors, heat, frenzy, and vibrance. It's a land of extremes: one moment you could be enjoying a runny pistachio ice cream under the scorching sun, the next, you could be snuggling tight with a loved one under the velvety pouring rain. There's no perfect weather in which to travel Australia. After all wherever we go, we all bring along with us our pieces of sky and sun and climate.
But watch out: the Australian summer can be very hot and unforgiving, but this is just fine as long as you keep a handy bottle of sunscreen with you and arm yourself with a good pair of UV-proof sunglasses. For Aussie families, summer generally is the time to hit the beach and frolic in the waters. Summer also marks the mid-year break for students; instead of springbreak, they enjoy summer holidays or Christmas holidays. And for backpackers who roam and travel Australia, the Aussie summer can be a liberating experience. Even businesspeople who like to keep busy with work even during the holidays prefer to leave their freezing homelands and travel Australia to seek its cosy warmth.
Before you get any misplaced ideas about Australia as being just pure hard summer, you have to realise that Australia is such a large country that each region experiences different weather patterns. Up north where the tropical rainforests reign, it's mainly high temperatures and high humidity and distinct wet and dry seasons. In the centre of the country, where the Outback sprawls, it's dry, desert regions with high daytime temperatures and occasional bursts of rain. In the south are the temperate regions with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from hot to cold.
To travel Australia in all its entirety is to witness nature's awesome and breathtaking display of colors, heat, frenzy, and vibrance. It's a land of extremes: one moment you could be enjoying a runny pistachio ice cream under the scorching sun, the next, you could be snuggling tight with a loved one under the velvety pouring rain. There's no perfect weather in which to travel Australia. After all wherever we go, we all bring along with us our pieces of sky and sun and climate.
Convection zone
Wednesday, December 6, 2006Structure of the SunFrom about 0.7 solar radii to the Sun's visible surface, the material in the Sun is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. As a result, thermal convection occurs as thermal columns carry hot material to the surface (photosphere) of the Sun. Once the material cools off at the surface, it plunges back downward to the base of the convection zone, to receive more heat from the top of the radiative zone. Convective overshoot is thought to occur at the base of the convection zone, carrying turbulent downflows into the outer layers of the radiative zone.
The thermal columns in the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun, in the form of the solar granulation and supergranulation. The turbulent convection of this outer part of the solar interior gives rise to a "small-scale" dynamo that produces magnetic north and south poles all over the surface of the Sun.
The thermal columns in the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun, in the form of the solar granulation and supergranulation. The turbulent convection of this outer part of the solar interior gives rise to a "small-scale" dynamo that produces magnetic north and south poles all over the surface of the Sun.
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